Original Research

Explore my working papers and published academic journal articles about Bitcoin price modeling, mining, and societal impacts.

You can check out all my academic research papers at Google Scholar.

Political economy perspectives on Bitcoin’s evolution
Bitcoin confronts the global monetary order with an unprecedented experiment of absolute scarcity in a system built on elastic credit. Bitcoin’s trajectory will be set less by protocol rules than by governance choices.

Direct link to working paper: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5445935

Example of a Bitcoin price model
Introduction to our Bitcoin price modeling framework for non-technical readers, with example of the impact of a single 500,000 Bitcoin purchase

Backgrounder for 'Bitcoin supply, demand, and price dynamics' article

Understanding Bitcoin Supply & Demand - A Backgrounder
Our Bitcoin price forecast framework is based on aggregate market supply and demand ‘working together’ to figure out equilibrium prices.

Backgrounder for 'Bitcoin supply, demand, and price dynamics' article

Bitcoin supply, demand, and price dynamics
We develop a bottom-up, quantity-clearing model of Bitcoin price formation that couples its fixed 21-million-coin cap with plausible demand growth and execution behavior.

Direct link to academic article: https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18100570

Draft Bitcoin horizon scan book
Leveraging a modified, AI-assisted horizon scanning approach and analysis of 1,900 hours of 2024 Bitcoin-focused podcasts distilled with LLMs, it converts thousands of raw “threats and opportunities” into a preliminary research agenda.

Direct link to book draft: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5359261

2024 Bitcoin research horizon scan
I used an AI-assisted ‘key questions’ approach to: (1) analyze transcriptions from 1,818 Bitcoin podcast episodes from 2024; (2) identify Bitcoin-oriented threats and opportunities; and (3) create and refine a list of 100 policy-salient Bitcoin research questions.

Direct link to working paper: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5146515

What if US states had invested in Bitcoin in 2018?
I recently led the writing for a Satoshi Action Education report, coauthored with Eric Peterson and Dennis Porter, entitled “Strategic portfolio allocations for financial resilience: a counterfactual analysis of Bitcoin and gold in US state Rainy Day Funds.” Eric had the idea for this project, which asked ‘what if’ US

Supporting information (50 charts for each state) for Strategic portfolio allocations paper

Strategic portfolio allocations for financial resilience: a counter-factual analysis of Bitcoin and gold in US state Rainy Day Funds
I’m happy to announce that we have a new working paper from Satoshi Action Education! It is pretty light on math, so I’m not giving a full summary here - just click on the link in the citation below to go to SSRN and download the paper there. Citation: Rudd

Direct link to working paper: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5104576

Urgent need for transdisciplinary research on Bitcoin
A Bitcoin science roadmap could identify research priorities and capacity-building opportunities across environmental, social, financial, economic, and security dimensions

Direct link to working paper: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4510758

Update - Bitcoin pricing framework / model published!
I’m happy to announce that our new journal article, “A supply and demand framework for Bitcoin price forecasting,” was published today and is now available for free download from the Journal of Risk and Financial Management. Click on the link below: A Supply and Demand Framework for Bitcoin Price ForecastingWe

Direct link to academic article: https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18020066

Forecasting Bitcoin Prices Using Supply & Demand Dynamics
This post gives a non-technical summary of our new Satoshi Action working paper. We developed a Bitcoin supply-and-demand framework and model for forecasting Bitcoin price trajectories out to 2036.

Direct link to working paper: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5059523

Bitcoin Mining and Methane Mitigation: Economic Model
Our new study explores a novel integration of Bitcoin mining with landfill gas-to-energy (LFGTE) projects to enhance methane mitigation efforts.

Direct link to academic article: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143516

Bitcoin’s Surprising Environmental and Social Impacts
Full article summary: Rudd, M.A., 2023. Bitcoin is full of surprises. Challenges 14, 27. In this article - my own from 2023 - I explore how a Pragmatist approach can bridge left-leaning progressive values with Bitcoin’s diverse potential benefits, particularly in areas important to progressives.

Direct link to academic article: https://doi.org/10.3390/challe14020027

Shaping a Bitcoin Research Agenda: 40 Critical Questions
Full article summary: Rudd, M.A., 2024. 40 questions for shaping a policy-salient Bitcoin research agenda, SSRN preprint.

Direct link to working paper: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4821335

Bitcoin Miners as Flexible Load Resources for Power Grids
This paper explores possibilities for integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into horizon scanning and key question exercises to navigate the challenges posed by emerging technologies.

Direct link to working paper: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4634256

AI-Assisted Identification of Policy-Salient Research Needs
This paper explores possibilities for integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into horizon scanning and key question exercises to navigate the challenges posed by emerging technologies.

Direct link to working paper: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4502450

Assessing Bitcoin Mining’s Energy and Environmental Impacts
In this post, I run one of my own articles through the AI summarizaton process: Rudd, M.A., et al 2023. Bitcoin and its energy, environmental, and social impacts: an assessment of key research needs in the mining sector. Challenges 14, 47.

Direct link to academic article: https://doi.org/10.3390/challe14040047

Bitcoin Mining in Renewable Energy and Grid Management
Our findings suggest that Bitcoin mining can help reduce wasted renewable energy, provide financial benefits to renewable energy producers, and lower electricity prices for consumers.

Direct link to working paper: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4899244

100 Questions about Bitcoin’s Energy Use & ESG Impacts
The breadth of knowledge required to answer key questions highlights the need to build research capacity, encourage collaborative cross-sectoral and -disciplinary research, and develop a prioritized research agenda.

Direct link to academic article: https://doi.org/10.3390/challe14010001